Testing Petro-Physical Properties Using a Tri-Axial Pressure Centrifuge Apparatus

ABSTRACT

A system for testing properties of a sample, the system including a test cell. The test cell includes a cell casing having a first end piece, a second end piece, and at least one wall extending between the first end piece and the second end piece. The cell casing defines a pressure boundary enclosing an interior region of the cell. The test cell further includes a sample chamber, a first reservoir, and a second reservoir disposed within the pressure boundary. The sample chamber defines an interior region. The first reservoir fluidly connects to the interior region of the sample chamber. The second reservoir fluidly connects to the interior region of the sample chamber. The test cell also has a piston assembly having a piston fluid chamber and a piston with a stem extending into the piston fluid chamber. The piston partially defines the sample chamber.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to systems and methods for testing petro-physicalproperties using a tri-axial pressure centrifuge system.

BACKGROUND

Tri-axial tests can be used to measure the mechanical properties ofsubterranean formations. For example, in tri-axial shear tests, stressis applied to a sample from the subterranean formation with stressesalong one axis being different from the stresses in perpendiculardirections. The application of different compressive stresses in thetest apparatus causes shear stress to develop in the sample with loadsbeing increased and deflections monitored until failure of the sample.Pore pressures of fluids (for example, water, or oil) and otherproperties in the sample may be measured during the testing.

SUMMARY

The system and methods described in this specification are able toperform a variety of tests on one single system to measure and sensepetrophysical, fluid phase behavior, formation damage, and enhance oilrecovery data needed for estimating reservoir capacity and recovery ofhydrocarbons. The systems can measure electrical properties to calibrateelectrical log, fluid saturation, and Archie's parameter, applycapillary pressure above 1000 pounds per square inch (psi), to performfluid wettability test, measure acoustic velocity for dynamic mechanicalproperties, perform x-ray for saturation distribution, perform reservoirfluid compressibility, and determine change in fluid properties (static,dynamic, physical, and compositional). The same systems are able to doperform these measurements and tests while applying tri-axial conditionsthat are observed in the field.

Some systems for testing properties of a sample include: a test cellincluding: a cell casing comprising a first end piece, a second endpiece, and a cylindrical body extending between the first end piece andthe second end piece, the cell casing enclosing an interior region ofthe cell; a piston with a stem and a head, the head of the piston insealing engagement with an inner surface of the cylindrical body of thetest cell wherein the piston head and the first end piece at leastpartially define a sample chamber; an inner channel extending throughthe stem of the piston that extends to the sample chamber; and a conduitattached to the inner channel that extends from the stem of the pistonthrough the second end piece. Embodiments of these systems can includeone or more of the following features.

In some embodiments, the piston is part of a piston assembly, the pistonassembly also comprising a piston fluid chamber defined in the secondend piece. In some cases, the conduit extends through the piston fluidchamber.

In some embodiments, the sample chamber is defined by the piston head,the first end piece, and the cylindrical body of the test cell. In somecases, the systems include 5. The system of claim 4, further comprisinga pore fluid channel defined by the first end piece, the pore fluidchannel extending from the sample chamber through the cell casing.

In some embodiments, the sample chamber is defined by the piston head,the first end piece, and a cylindrical jacket parallel to thecylindrical body of the test cell, the cylindrical jacket extendingbetween the piston head and the first end piece. In some cases, thesystems include an overburden fluid supply line extending from a portionof the interior region outside the sample chamber through the cellcasing.

In some embodiments, a surface of the first end piece exposed to thesample chamber is flat.

In some embodiments, systems include one or more processing unitsimplementing a neural network. In some cases, the systems include anelectrical probe incorporated in the first end piece adjacent the samplechamber, the electrical probe in communication with the neural network.In some cases, the systems include a first acoustic sensor incorporatedin the second end piece, the first acoustic sensor in communication withthe neural network. In some cases, the systems include a second acousticsensor incorporated in the first end piece, the second acoustic sensorin communication with the neural network.

Some methods for testing a sample in a centrifuge apparatus include:bringing a test cell to test pressure and test temperature with a pistonhead of the test cell in contact with an end piece of the test cell;introducing a fluid sample being tested between the piston head and theend piece of the test cell; equilibrating the fluid sample; performingat least one speed test on the fluid sample; and feeding acoustic,electrical, and x-ray data gathered from sensors associated with thetest cell or the centrifuge apparatus to a neural network. Embodimentsof these methods can include one or more of the following features.

In some embodiments, the methods include using the neural network toevaluate whether the sample is acceptable. In some cases, methodsinclude discarding the sample if it is unacceptable. In some cases, aneural network is used to determine if the sample is unacceptable.

In some embodiments, bringing the test cell to test pressure comprisesinjecting an inert fluid into the test cell.

In some embodiments, the methods include changing test parameters andperforming at least one speed test on the sample under the changed testparameters. In some cases, changing test parameters comprises at leastone of changing test pressure, changing test temperature, withdrawing afluid sample and perform compositional analysis, and modifying the testfluid.

In some embodiments, the methods include lowering system temperature toambient conditions while keeping system pressure constant. In somecases, methods include lowering system pressure to ambient conditions.

In some embodiments, the methods include filling the test cell with anoverburden fluid with the piston head of the test cell in contact withthe end piece of the test cell before bringing the test cell to testpressure and test temperature. In some cases, introducing the fluidsample being tested between the piston head and the end piece of thetest cell comprises introducing a cement sample between the piston headand the end piece of the test cell. In some cases, methods includeinjecting water to a space between the piston head and the end piece ofthe test cell. In some cases, methods include setting and curing thecement sample. In some cases, methods include measuring and removingfree water after the cement sample is set and cured. In some cases,methods include performing at least one test on the sample. In somecases, methods include changing test parameters and performing at leastone test on the sample under the changed test parameters.

Further, the system can perform formation damage studies on reservoirrock under tri-axial reservoir conditions, with reservoir pore pressure,and can exert controlled capillary pressure. This system can alsocontain material that is corrosive and/or reactive to formation rocksand fluids.

Some of these systems and methods can be used to perform cement tests toevaluate property of cements used in reservoir. Properties may be, forexample, thickening time, free water, bonding, setting time, sonicvelocity, electrical properties, and mechanical strength. These testscan be performed under reservoir temperature, pressure, and porepressure in presence of reservoir fluids and reservoir rock. Theinstrument can also measure flow properties of cement at various stagesof cement life cycle under tri-axial and pore pressure conditions.

Some of these systems and methods can be used to study formation,dissociation and production of gas hydrates under tri-axial and porepressure conditions with reservoir materials (sand, rock, fluids), aswell as investigate flow properties of the reservoir material undercapillary pressure conditions.

Some of these systems and methods can be used to evaluate petrophysicalproperties of unconventional reservoir (tight gas sand, shale, sourcerock etc.) under tri-axial and pore pressure condition encountered inreservoir, under capillary pressure stress regime. Additionally, thesystem may provide the capability to simulate fracturing and propantinjection tests required for production of unconventional tightreservoirs.

The details of one or more embodiments of these systems and methods areset forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Otherfeatures, objects, and advantages of these systems and methods will beapparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a system for triaxial testingof a sample using a centrifuge.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a test cell.

FIG. 3 is a schematic bottom view of a portion of the centrifugeapparatus of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a lid of the centrifuge apparatus of FIG.1.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for performing a core analysis test.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a test cell.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method for performing a phase behavior test.

FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a test cell.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method for performing a cement test.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This specification describes systems and methods that can recreatereservoir conditions on geological samples. These systems and methodscan be used to generate reservoir temperatures, reservoir confiningpressures, reservoir axial stresses, and reservoir pore pressures undercapillary pressures encountered during reservoir exploitation. Thesesystems and methods can also be used to collect flow, pressure,temperature, x-ray, sonic, electrical, and dimensional properties of asample. A variety of tests can be performed by these systems including,for example, single-speed flow tests, multi-speed flow tests,single-speed capillary tests, multi-speed capillary tests, electricalproperty tests, acoustic velocity tests, cement bond tests, and gasleakage tests. These systems and methods can also be used to analyzegenerated data by utilizing artificial intelligence techniques duringthe tests.

FIG. 1 shows a system 100 for testing petro-physical properties andgathering geo-mechanical information of a sample arranged within thesystem 100. The system 100 includes a centrifuge apparatus 102 and acomputer system 103. The centrifuge apparatus 102 includes a centrifuge104 and an x-ray device 106. The centrifuge apparatus 102 has a rotor108 and a tub 110. This configuration can provide a high capillarypressure by spinning samples at given revolutions per minute (rpm). Thetub 110 of the centrifuge apparatus 102 has a first tub window 112 and asecond tub window 114. A lid 116 of the centrifuge apparatus 102 has twolid windows 118, 120 aligned with the tub windows 112, 114 for x-rayscanning and visual scanning.

The computer system 103 is in communication with components of thecentrifuge apparatus 102. The computer system 103 can be used to controloperation of the centrifuge apparatus and receive, process, and storedata generated by the centrifuge apparatus 102. In the system 100, thecomputer system 103 is used to implement a neural network 115 thatassesses and processes tests being performed using the centrifugesystem. An example of an implementation of a neural network is describedin detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/131,341 (“InferringPetrophysical Properties of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using a NeuralNetwork”) filed on Sep. 14, 2018. In the system 100, the computer system103 is separate from the centrifuge apparatus 102. In some systems, thecomputer system 103 is incorporated into the centrifuge apparatus 102.

The system 100 has four recesses 122 that are each sized to receive atest cell. In the system 100, the recesses 122 are in the rotor 108 ofthe centrifuge apparatus 102. In some embodiments, the centrifugeapparatus may have more than four recesses or less than four recesses.The number of tri-axial cells placed in the centrifuge apparatus 102 isbased on specific test parameters. In some embodiments, the centrifugeapparatus 102 is a Roto-Salina centrifuge commercially available fromHettich, which is configured to provide more than 20,000 rpm.

Visual scanning is executed by a fluid camera system 124 that includes avisual camera light source 126 and a visual camera 128. The visualcamera light source 126 can be a strobe light and the visual camera 128can be a high-speed camera to capture images as the test progress. Thefluid camera system 124 is designed to work both in transmission andreflection mode. The visual camera light source 126 and visual camera128 can be installed on the opposite side of the test sample (forexample, top and bottom) or on the same side (for example, top) and usea reflective mirror setup in the tub 110 to capture images. The mirrorsetup can be utilized in cases of limited access on the tub. In thesystem 100, the visual camera light source 126 is installed above thelid 116 of the centrifuge apparatus 102 and visual camera 128 isinstalled below the tub 110. Use of such a fluid camera system 124allows for reading of fluid volumes as they are produced.

The x-ray device 106 includes an x-ray source 130 and an x-ray camera132. The x-ray device 106 images a test cell 134 received by the recess122 in the rotor 108. The x-ray camera 132 is arranged on the lid 116 ofthe centrifuge apparatus 102 over the first lid window 118.

The data collected can include, for example, acoustic, temperature,electrical, x-ray, saturation, fluid volumes, rate of fluid volumes, andsaturation change. The resulting comprehensive picture of testprogression can be integrated with well log and seismic data formonitoring and evaluating effectiveness of field treatment. Temperaturecan be monitored using temperature sensors and saturation changes can bemonitored with the x-ray device 106. Electrical data can be generatedfor wells where well-logs are not available or are not representativewith a combination of seismic, acoustic, electrical and saturation data,along with well test information.

Centrifuge capillary pressure tests under tri-axial, confined, andunconfined stress conditions can be performed with the centrifugeapparatus 102. In some embodiments, capillary pressure over 20,000pounds per square inch (psi) for an oil/gas/water system can be applied.The range of capillary pressures to be tested will depend on the type ofreservoir. For example, capillary pressures can range from 0.1 psi to100 psi for unconsolidated sand reservoirs; 1 psi to 134 psi forconventional reservoirs; and 100-100,000 psi for unconventionalreservoirs like shale and tight gas sand (TGS). It should be noted thatin instances with a capillary pressure of above 30,000 psi, sampleintegrity can be an issue. In many such cases, a work-around can bedeveloped by increasing the tri-axial stress. The test can be conductedas air/water, air/oil, water/oil, and, in limited cases, all threephases (air/oil/water) on the rock sample. Some systems allow forextracting fluids from reservoir core samples at a capillary pressure of20,000 psi and higher. In some embodiments, capillary pressure above20,000 psi is achieved by increasing motor speed, by increasing the sizeof tub 110, by increasing the distance between the test sample andcenter of centrifuge apparatus 102, and/or by changing sample size andorientation. In some embodiments, the test sample is loaded in thecentrifuge apparatus 102 in a vertical orientation. In otherembodiments, the test sample is loaded in the centrifuge apparatus 102in a horizontal orientation. Some test samples are about 0.5 inches toabout 8 inches in diameter and about 0.5 inches to about 12 inches inlength.

FIG. 2 shows a test cell 134 with a casing 136 containing a sampleholder 138. The casing 136 includes first end piece (a base 140), asecond end piece (an end cap 142), a body 144 extending between the base140 and the end cap 142, at least one electrical sensor 146, and atleast one acoustic sensor 148.

The sample holder 138 is configured to hold test samples 150 such assolid cores from a reservoir. The sample holder 138 includes a pistonassembly 152 and a jacket (for example, electrical measurement jacket154) extending between the piston assembly 152 and the base 140 of thecasing 136. In general, materials for the piston assembly 152 and theportion of base 140 adjacent the sample should be penetrable to x-raysand have minimal or no electrical conductance and can be, for example,Torlon® (available from Solvay Plastics) or glass. Piston assembly 152includes a piston member 156, and a piston fluid chamber 158. An axialpressure fluid supply line 166 supplies fluid to piston fluid chamber158. A fluid chamber base 160 has an opening through which the stem 162of piston member 156 extends. An end face of piston member 156 engages afirst end of sample 150.

Base 140 has an end face that engages a second end of sample 150 that isopposite the first end of sample 150. Sample 150 is contained betweenthe end face of the piston member 156 and the end face of base 140. Asfluid is added to the piston fluid chamber 158 by way of axial pressurefluid supply line 166, the end face of piston member 156 applies axialforce on the first end of sample 150, inducing axial stress in sample150. The end face of piston assembly 152 and the end face of the base140 can be coated with a substance, such as Teflon®, that will provideelectrical isolation of the sample 150.

In some embodiments, the sample holder 138 includes the electricalmeasurement jacket 154. The electrical measurement jacket 154 is anon-permeable, elastomeric, rubber or polyurethane jacket and can bemade, for example, of Viton® (available from DuPont). Electricalmeasurement jacket 154 is a tubular member that surrounds the sample150. A piston seal 161 forms a seal between the inner bore of a firstend of electrical measurement jacket 154 and an outer surface of pistonmember 156. A base seal 163 forms a seal between the inner bore of asecond end of the electrical measurement jacket 154 and an outer surfaceof base 140.

The electrical measurement jacket 154 is equipped with jacket sensors164 to provide additional measurements of electrical properties of thetest sample and saturation distribution data. The electrical measurementjacket 154 is made by incorporating the jacket sensors 164 during avulcanization process of jacket making The type of jacket sensors 164,number of sensors, and their location is based on sample size and sampleproperty, such as its mineral composition and homogeneity. The number ofjacket sensors 164 in the electrical measurement jacket 154 can beincreased and distributed such that various electrical measurements areperformed on the sample 150 and the collected electrical measurementvalues can provide an electrical image. The data collected by the jacketsensors 164 can be transmitted by way of leads 168 to a processing unit170. This type of data gathering can be extremely valuable forheterogeneous samples with layering, unconnected pore structure,fracture, kerogen concentration, and other sample anomalies. The datafrom multiple jacket sensors 164 can be used measure electricalresistance across the sample 150 and to produce an image of rocklithology and geology.

In some embodiments, the system 100 includes electrical measurementfeeds 180 associated with the base 140. The base 140 is designed withmaterial that is electrically insulated and is embedded with electrodes(electrical sensors 146) for performing 2 or 4 electrode conductivityand resistivity measurements. The electrical measurement feeds 180 areconnected to electrodes (electrical sensors 146) of the base 140 todeliver signals to a processing unit 170 for data collection regardingreservoir salinity information from native state samples which willallow for better reserve estimation. In certain embodiments, theelectrical measurement feeds 180 can provide current and measure thevoltage with a small battery operated device (not shown) that can beinstalled on the rotor 108 of centrifuge apparatus 102 (FIG. 1) andconnected to the test cell 134.

A variety of electrical measurements can be taken during testing. Forinstance, in some embodiments electrical analysis of the sample 150includes measuring at least one of the resistance, conductivity,capacitance, or impedance of the test sample. In some embodiments,electrical analysis of the sample 150 includes measuring at least one ofelectrical conductance, resistance, or impedance as a function ofvariable frequency of input current. In some embodiments, the end cap142 of the casing 136 is designed such that it is isolated from the restof the casing 136 and acts as an electrode. The body 144 of the casing136 can be used as a ground to measure the electrical properties of thesample 150 during a test. Electrical measurements can be taken variousways during a test. In one approach, the centrifuge apparatus 102 isstopped at each capillary pressure equilibrium step, the test cell 134is taken out of the centrifuge apparatus 102, and the electricalproperties of the sample in the test cell 134 are measured. Depending onthe test design, additional equilibrium steps can be required. In someembodiments, there can be 2 to 15 equilibrium steps and measurements canbe performed at each step. In another approach, processing unit 170includes a battery operated electrical measurement device withcapability to gather the time domain data that can be down loaded at theend of test. The advantage of the second method is that it provides acontinuous measurement without a need to stop centrifuge apparatus 102and also provides transit data between the capillary pressureequilibrium stages. The system 100 includes another processing unit 170that is operable to gather data during the testing of a sample and storedata for downloading at a later time. In some embodiments, the data isdownloaded in real time. The electrical data collected on the sample 150can be collected simultaneously as the other data is collected, or insequential steps to the other data. In some embodiments, an electricalsensor 146 measures the electrical properties of fluid contacting thesurface of the casing 136.

The test cell 134 is illustrated with multiple processing units 170. Insystem 100, the computer system 103 and the associated neural network115 are in communication with two processing units 170 in the test cell134. Some test cells have a single processing unit. The processingunit(s) can be incorporated in or external to the test cell 134. Forexample, in some systems, the computer system 103 and the associatedneural network 115 provide the functionality of the processing units 170and are in direct communication the sensors and valves of the test cell.

As previously discussed, the casing 136 includes the base 140, the endcap 142, and the body 144 extending between the base 140 and the end cap142. The body 144 is a generally cylindrical member with an inner bore172. The base 140 and the end cap 142 are bolted to the body 144 of thecasing 136. A casing seal 174 limits the flow of fluid between the innersurface of inner bore 172 and the outer surface of the reduced diameterportion of end cap 142.

When assembled, the base 140, the end cap 142, and the body 144 define acell chamber 176. Confining pressure fluid supply lines 178 deliversfluid to cell chamber 176 for applying biaxial stress on the sample 150.

In some embodiments, the casing 136 is made of titanium. Titanium allowsfor x-ray scanning while the test is in progress. In other embodiments,the casing 136 is made of Torlon® or glass. In general, materials forthe test cell 134 should be penetrable to x-rays and have minimal or noelectrical conductance. In further embodiments, the casing 136 andsample holder 138 include both internal and external coatings that areresistant to acids and corrosive chemicals, such as hydrochloric acid,acetic acid, or other acids that would be used to mimic well cleaningand stimulation tests, as well as acids that would be used for chemicalenhanced oil recovery (EOR). The test cell 134 is capable of performingcentrifuge saturation and capillary pressure test at unconfined,confined, hydrostatic, or tri-axial test conditions.

The acoustic sensors 148 can each be an acoustic sensor with p-wave ands-wave components. Acoustic sensor 148 can be a dual mode transducercapable of both sending and receiving information. In some embodiments,the acoustic sensor 148 is located on or in the end cap 142. In someembodiments, the end cap 142 is isolated from the body 144 of the sampleholder 138 such that electrical properties can be measured usingelectrical sensors 146 in the end cap 142 and the body 144 of the sampleholder 138 as ground. In such an embodiment, electrical sensors 146 ofend cap 142 can provide electrical information by way of leads to aprocessing unit 170.

The acoustic sensor 148 in the base 140 provides two functions. Itprovides a thru transmission between the test specimen and the two fluidchamber to provide an overall quality assessment when in transmissionmode. In reflection mode, both the top and bottom acoustic sensorsprovide specific changes within each fluid reservoir providing anindication of the separation of various fluids within the fluid chamber.The pore pressure fluids are sensitive to pressure on them, as solid orgas can be produced due to pressure variations and may cause variousfluid layers within the fluid chambers. The acoustic sensors will aid inunderstanding fluid behavior in each chamber that may not be clearlyobservable using only an x-ray scan of the fluid chambers. Thisfunctionality is important in system which apply pore pressure but notrelevant to systems which do not apply pore pressure to the sample. Whenthere is no pore pressure, there are no fluid properties variations asfunction of fluid pressure, so a bottom acoustic sensor is not required.

A variety of acoustic measurements can be taken during testing,including sonic velocity data. In some embodiments, the acoustic sensor148 can collect longitudinal wave, shear wave, and/or Stonely wave data.The acoustic data collected can be delivered to processing unit 170 byway of leads and analyzed for both time and frequency domain. The sameacoustic sensor can collect the various wave forms, as one transducercan encompass crystals for longitudinal and shear wave. In preferredembodiments, the acoustic sensor 148 is a transducer with bothlongitudinal wave and shear wave components which are installed on theend cap 142 of the casing 136. In some embodiments, the acoustic sensor148 is a dual mode transducer and works in reflective mode to transmitand receive acoustic wave. In some embodiments, the system 100 isoperable to measure the acoustic velocity of the sample 150, as well asthe velocities of the various fluids in the base 140. The same acousticsensor can perform all of the desired the measurements with propercalibration of the acoustic sensor 148 before the test starts and oncethe test is concluded, dependent on rock sample properties and fluidused during the test. The acoustic velocity of the fluid in the base 140can be used to analyze production and presence of solid particles suchas grain, asphaltene, and so forth. In general, special care should betaken to assure that the acoustic sensor 148 and associated componentsdoes not interfere with electrical measurements. The acoustic datacollected on the sample 150 can be collected simultaneously with theother data, or in sequential steps to the other data.

The base 140 of the casing 136 includes a first reservoir 182 defined inthe base 140. The end cap 142 of the casing 136 includes a secondreservoir 184 defined in the end cap 142. Depending on the test type,the first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184 can hold fluidssuch as, for example, fluid samples from the sample 150, or fluids to beinjected into the sample 150 such as solvents, acids, or chemicals forEOR. The walls of the first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184have neutral wettability. Neutral wettability helps separate air, water,and hydrocarbon fluids quickly and with a sharp contrast. In some tests,the first reservoir 182 contains a first fluid 183 and the secondreservoir 184 holds a second fluid 185. The fluids can have differentdensities. For example, the first fluid 183 can be denser than thesecond fluid 185 to counter the effect of density variation in the twofluids and to mimic the gravity variation during the loading of testspecimen.

As previously discussed, the base 140 and the end cap 142 are made ofmaterials that provide a low x-ray interference. This design limitsinterference when the x-ray device 106 images fluids within the firstreservoir 182 and second reservoir 184.

A sample line 186 provides fluid communication between sample holder 138and the first reservoir 182. A pore fluid circulation system 188 alsoconnects the first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184 with thesample holder 138. The pore fluid circulation system 188 includes anaccess line 190 and multiple circulation lines 192 connected andcontrolled by multiple valves 194. The pore fluid circulation system 188and the configuration of the reservoirs allows different pressures to beapplied to the first reservoir 182, the second reservoir 184, and to thecell chamber 176. In effect, the casing 136 is a first pressureboundary. The first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184 aresecond and third pressure boundaries respectively located within thefirst pressure boundary. In the test cell 134, the first reservoir 182is arranged near the base 140 of the casing 136 and the second reservoir184 is arranged near the end cap 142 of the casing 136. Placing thereservoirs and the sample 150 inside the casing 136 allows tri-axialpressure applied within the test cell 134 to be applied to the firstreservoir 182, the second reservoir 184, and the sample 150. The secondand third pressure boundaries allow the pore pressure to be controlledindependently of the overburden pressure. The application of independentpore pressure, overburden pressure, and tri-axial pressure by thecentrifuge apparatus 102 allows the system to more accurately simulatereservoir conditions than systems that lack this functionality. Thepressures within the first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184are independently controllable and are kept below the tri-axial pressurebeing applied by fluid in the cell chamber 176.

The test cell 134 can used to perform the experimental studiesincluding: production mechanism between various pore sizes(macro/micro/nano); understanding imbibition/drainage base productionbetween macro-micro pores; two and three phase relative permeabilities;two and three phase capillary pressure; chemical flooding EOR;wettability alteration study and effectiveness of wettability alteringmaterial; acidizing flow test and effectiveness as function of capillarypressure and injection sweep efficiency; residual oil production andsweep efficiency of water alternating gas (WAG) under capillary pressureversus flow; mechanical properties tests for Young Modulus, Poison Ratioand Failure envelope; hydrate formation, dissociation and production(flow) mechanism as function of temperature and/or pressure and/orcomposition; coal bed methane studies from intact test specimen to failwithin the same setup to get residual gas; formation damage studiesrelated to damages due to injected fluids, produced fluids, filtrates,stress change and temperature changes; enhance oil flooding withmiscible fluids, non-miscible floods, fluids reactive to reservoirfluids, fluids reactive to reservoir rock and any combination of them;propant strength, propant injection and embedment within reservoir;propant interaction with reservoir fluids and reservoir fluid effects onpropant integrity; propant fracture aperture hold capacity and itschange as function of stress & fluid composition; propant flow backcharacteristic, fracture closing and related effect on reservoirproduction; unconventional shale, tight gas sand and Tar-sand studies;fine migration due to production, stress changes, and fluidcompositional changes; condensate flow test as function of compositionand pressure drop; condensate wettability and wettability alterationstudy; low resistivity pay test for understanding formation brinesalinity and their effects as function of pore fluids in macro, micro,and nano pores.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the tub 110 with the tub window 112. Insome embodiments, the tub window 112 is made of a transparent material,for example, glass. The tub window 112 is arranged on the tub 110 toalign with the x-ray source 130, shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view the lid 116 having the first lid window 118and the second lid window 120. The first lid window 118 is opposite thetub window 112 and aligned with the x-ray device 106 shown in FIG. 1.The second lid window 120 is arranged to align with the visual cameralight source 126 shown in FIG. 1. A third lid window is arranged toalign with the visual camera 128 shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 200 for performing a core analysistest with a sample at elevated pore fluid pressures. Core analysis testsinclude, for example, permeability, solvent cleaning, saturation, andcapillary pressure tests. The method 200 can be executed using the testcell 134 shown in FIG. 2 with the centrifuge apparatus 102 shown inFIG. 1. To use the system 100, the sample 150 is installed in the testcell 134 (step 202). The installation starts with placing the sample 150in the electrical measurement jacket 154. The body 144 of the test cellis placed on the base 140 and bolted into place. The sample 150 and theelectrical measurement jacket 154 are then fixed on the end piece of thebase 140. When the jacket 154 with the sample 150 is installed on 140,the 0-rings 163 provide a seal so when confining fluid is injected, thejacket 154 is pressed against the base 140 and the seal 161. Thiscreates a seal restricting confining fluid from entering the sample 150within the jacket 154. The end cap 142 is installed on top of the body144 and bolted into place forming the cell chamber 176 with the sample150 and the electrical measurement jacket 154 inside. The test cell 134is then placed in the centrifuge apparatus.

An axial stress (also referred to as axial pressure) is applied to thesample using the piston assembly 152 (step 204). The axial stress isdetermined by the fluid pressure applied to the piston fluid chamber 158through the valve 1945. For example, an axial stress of 200 psi can beapplied. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from the acousticsensors 148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-ray camera 132 arefed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluates thesample 150 using the procedures described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/131,341 and the sample is replaced if necessary. Forexample, the neural network can receive electrical data and can verifythat the electrical data is within an appropriate range (for example, abrine-saturated sample of specific pore structure will have a differentsignal than an oil saturated sample). Similarly, the acoustic (sonic)sensor signal is based on sample internal structure and fluid in it andthe neural network can verify that the acoustic data is within anappropriate range. The x-ray data will also provide indications of anyphysical change such as cracks creating within the sample. The neuralnetwork will evaluate these data against a trained model and establishsample integrity

If the sample 150 is acceptable, an overburden stress (also referred toas overburden pressure) is applied to the sample 150 (step 206). Thecentrifuge system fills the test cell 134 with overburden fluid throughvalve 194 ₂ and bleeds air out of the cell chamber 176 through valve 194₃ before applying the overburden stress at level below that of the axialstress. For example, an overburden stress of 150 psi can be applied. Theoverburden fluid in the cell chamber 176 is fluidly isolated and sealedfrom the sample 150 by the base 140, the piston assembly 152, theelectrical measurement jacket 154, the piston seal 161, and the baseseal 163. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from theacoustic sensors 148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-ray camera132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluatesthe sample 150 and the sample is replaced if necessary.

Optionally, a pore pressure can be applied to the sample 150 at levelless than the level of the overburden stress (step 208). The porepressure can be applied to the sample 150 through the valve 194 ₁ andthe valve 194 ₄. For example, a pore pressure of 50 psi can be appliedto the sample 150. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered fromthe acoustic sensors 148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-raycamera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115evaluates the sample 150 and the sample is replaced if necessary.

After these initial conditions are established, the axial, overburden,and pore pressures are increased to test pressure conditions whilekeeping the pore pressure less than the overburden pressure and theoverburden pressure less than the axial pressure (step 210). Thispressure relationship is important If the overburden pressure getshigher than axial piston pressure, it will cause axial piston to retractinto piston chamber creating a gap between sample 150 and piston 162.This will cause jacket 154 to fail and overburden oil to invade sample150, so axial pressure must be higher than overburden. If pore pressureincrease higher than overburden stress, it will cause jacket 154 toexpand and seal 161 & 163 to fail causing pore fluid to leak in to thecell assembly and mix with overburden fluid, causing test failure.)Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to theneural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluates the sample 150 andthe sample is replaced if necessary.

After achieving test pressure conditions are achieved, the temperaturein the test cell 134 is raised to the test temperature while keeping thepore pressure less than the overburden pressure and the overburdenpressure less than the axial pressure (step 212). Acoustic, electrical,and x-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors 148, the electricalsensors 146, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115.The neural network 115 evaluates the sample 150 and the sample isreplaced if necessary.

After test pressure and temperature conditions are established, one ormore core analysis tests (for example, flow tests, capillary pressuretests, electrical property tests, and acoustic velocity tests) isperformed (step 214). The pore pressure in the sample 150 can becontrolled by the pressure of fluids in the first reservoir 182 and thesecond reservoir 184. The two-reservoir approach allows independentcontrol of the pore pressure based at least in part on the pressure oftest fluids in the first reservoir 182 and the second reservoir 184. Thetwo-reservoir approach also allows the application of two different testfluids to the sample 150 and the application of one test fluid from onereservoir while fluids flushed from the sample 150 are collected in theother reservoir.

The location of the two reservoirs 182, 184 inside the pressure boundaryof the test cell keeps the two reservoir 182, 184 under pressure, thisenables the fluids 183, 185 to be two different fluids with dissolvedgas at pressure and temperature. For example, one fluid could beformation water with dissolved gas and the other fluid could beformation oil with dissolved gas. The dissolved gas remains soluble inthe liquid phase only due to the elevated pressure. The two fluids couldbe both liquid, both gas, or one liquid and one gas.

During and after the test(s) being performed, acoustic, electrical, andx-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors 148, the electricalsensors 146, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115(step 216). The neural network 115 evaluates the sample 150 and thesample is replaced if necessary.

If the sample is still intact, other tests can be performed or same testcan be performed under different conditions. For example, the pressureconditions can be changed, the temperature can be changed, the porefluid can be changed, or a combination of these changes can be applied(step 218).

After testing is completed, the centrifuge apparatus 102 is returned toa state in which the user can remove the sample 150 and add a newsample. The centrifuge apparatus 102 lowers the temperature of thesample to ambient conditions while keeping the pore pressure less thanthe overburden pressure and the overburden pressure less than the axialpressure (step 220). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered fromthe acoustic sensors 148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-raycamera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The pore pressure, axialpressure, and overburden pressure are lowered to atmospheric conditionswhile keeping the pore pressure less than the overburden pressure andthe overburden pressure less than the axial pressure until each of thepressures sequentially reaches atmospheric conditions (step 222).Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors148, the electrical sensors 146, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to theneural network 115 (step 224).

The method 200 is described as being implemented in conjunction with acomputer system 103 implementing a neural network 115. Although datacommunication and sample condition assessment is described as beingperformed after each step, this is optional. Some methods areimplemented with less frequent data communication and sample conditionassessment. In addition, the method 200 can also be performed inconjunction with a conventional control and data gathering computersystem that does not include a neural network. Without a neural network,the automated monitoring and assessment of sample condition must beperformed manually.

FIG. 6 shows a test cell 300 that can be used to test phase behavior ofa sample. In contrast to some test cells, the test cell 300 can becentrifuged which enables separation of suspended particles (wax,asphaltene, precipitates etc.) that cannot be achieved withoutcentrifugation of the pressurize cell. The test cell 300 can also beused to quantify particles that are created at each step of tests(without centrifugation the particles cannot be quantified as theyremain either suspended or stick to cell internal body). After using acentrifuge to separate these particles based on their densities, theparticles can be quantified with acoustic and x-ray analysis. The X-rayand acoustic analysis can also help provide size of these particles. Thetest cell 300 can also be used to segregate fluids based on densityvariations. In particular, the test cell 300 can also be used toseparate of gas from other fluids and establish of clear fluidboundaries to quantify various fluids. The test cell 300 can measurechanges in electrical properties that help in understanding fluid andparticle properties.

The test cell 300 includes a casing 310 that includes first end piece (abase 312), a second end piece (an end cap 314), a body 316 extendingbetween the base 312 and the end cap 314, at least one electrical sensor318, at least one acoustic sensor 320, and a piston assembly 322. Thebody 316 is a generally cylindrical member with an inner bore. The base312 and the end cap 314 are bolted to the body 316 of the casing 310.The casing 310 can be made of material such as, for example, titanium,Torlon®, glass. Although not shown in FIG. 6, the test cell 300 includesprocessing units similar to those described with respect to the testcell 134.

In contrast to the test cell 134, the test cell 300 does not include adiscrete sample holder. Rather, the test cell 300 holds samples in asample chamber 324 defined between the base 312, the body 316, and thepiston assembly 322. In general, materials for the piston assembly 322and the base 312 should be penetrable to x-rays and have minimal or noelectrical conductance and can be, for example, Torlon® (available fromSolvay Plastics) or glass. Base 312 is flat to avoid non-uniformcollection of solid particles during the test. The test cell 300 isillustrated with a first sample 325, a second sample 327, and a thirdsample 329 in the sample chamber 324. During typical phase behaviortesting, the first sample 325 can be a solid or a fluid, the secondsample 327 is a fluid, and the third sample 329 can be a solid or afluid.

Piston assembly 322 includes a piston member 326, and a piston fluidchamber 328. An axial pressure fluid supply line 330 supplies fluid topiston fluid chamber 328. The piston member 326 has a stem 332 and ahead 334. A piston fluid chamber base has an opening through which thestem 332 of piston member 326 extends. An end face of piston member 326defines one end of the sample chamber 324.

The first sample 325, the second sample 327, and the third sample 329are contained between the end face of the piston member 326 and the endface of base 312. As fluid is added to the piston fluid chamber 328 byway of axial pressure fluid supply line 336, the end face of pistonmember 156 applies axial force to the first sample 325, inducing axialstress in the samples. The end face of piston member 326 and the endface of the base 312 can be coated with a substance, such as Teflon®,that will provide electrical isolation of the samples. A seal 335 isdisposed between the piston head 334 and the wall 319 to limit orprevent fluid from flowing between the piston head 334 and the body 316.

The stem 332 of the piston member 326 defines an inner channel 338 thatextends to the sample chamber 324. The inner channel 338 is attached toa conduit 339 that extends from the stem 332 through the piston fluidchamber 328 and the end cap 314. The conduit 339 is made of a flexiblematerial to compensate for movement of the piston member 326 duringtesting. Test fluid can be supplied to the sample chamber 324 or fluidcan be withdrawn from the sample chamber 324 through the inner channel338 and the conduit 339.

The test cell 300 further includes two electrical probes 340 in the base312 of the casing 310 and two acoustic sensors 342 (one in the base 312and one in the end cap 314). The electrical probes 340 and the acousticsensors 342 can be generally similar to the electrical probes and theacoustic sensors described with respect to the test cell 134. Theelectrical probes 340 measure electrical properties of the first sample325, the second sample 327, and the third sample 329 and the acousticsensors 342 measure acoustic properties of the first sample 325, thesecond sample 327, and the third sample 329. The x-ray device 106 in thecentrifuge apparatus 102 images the first sample 325, the second sample327, and the third sample 329.

A test fluid line 344 extends through the base 312. Test fluid can besupplied to the sample chamber 324 or fluid can be withdrawn from thesample chamber 324 through the test fluid line 344.

Three seals 346 are disposed between the end cap 314 and the body 316 tolimit or prevent fluid from flowing between the end cap 314 and the body316. The three seals provide an additional safety in dealing with fluidsthat can have high gas content and corrosive components that can damageO-rings (seal). If one of the seal (O-rings) is compromised, there willbe indications both in pressure variation and x-ray observations. Whilethe other seals are holding, the test process can be safely stopped.

The test cell 300 can used to perform the experimental studiesincluding: saturation pressure test for bubble and due point, utilizingcentrifugal force to separate various fluids quickly and utilizing x-rayto identify phase boundary and volume of each fluid; coefficient ofcompressibility on the reservoir fluids as a function of temperature andcomposition; pressure volume relationship of reservoir fluids asfunction of temperature and composition; differential gas liberationtest along with compressibility of each stage left over fluids; constantvolume depletion test; recombination of fluid for EOR studies formiscible and immiscible fluids; fluid-fluid compatibility for injected &produced fluids with reservoir fluids; wax appearance temperatureprediction and quantifying amount of wax; asphaltene prediction andquantification and sizing of asphaltene, both in suspended phase andprecipitated phase; determination of asphaltene offset pressure,asphaltene conglomeration pressure and asphaltene precipitationpressure; understanding effect of asphaltene on acoustic velocity andelectrical properties measurements with utilization brine saturated coredisk; understanding wettability change due to compositional change ofreservoir hydrocarbon fluid as function of pressure drop; studycrystallization of salt as function of temperature and pressure; studyhydrates formation and dissociation as function of temperature,pressure, gas composition and brine salinity. Understanding of onset,size, quantity and type of hydrates; study of emulsion formation,quantity and size as function of temperature, pressure and composition;and condensate anti-banking treatment study.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method 400 for performing phase behaviortests. The method 400 can be performed using the centrifuge apparatus102, shown in FIG. 1, and the test cell 300, shown in FIG. 6. The firstsample 325, the second sample 327, and the third sample 329 areinstalled into the test cell 300 (step 402). The body 316 of the testcell 300 is bolted into place on the base 312. The third sample 329 isplaced in the body 316, followed by the second sample 327 and then thefirst sample 325. The end cap 314 with the piston assembly 322 is placedon the body 316 and bolted into place.

In some cases, the test is performed on a sample consisting of a singlefluid (for example, a gas-saturated fluid). In this approach, the piston226 is in contact with the base 312 and the complete cell 300 isassembled. After the cell 300 is assembled, the chamber 328 is filledthrough the line 336 and pressurized to the pressure of the test fluid.An inert fluid (typically a gas) is first injected in the test cell 300through the line 336 to separate the piston slightly (˜1 mm) from thebase 312. The pressurized test fluid is then injected into the test cell300 through the line 344 to load the required amount of the test fluidwhile moving piston 326 and maintaining pressure all time. Once the testfluid is loaded, the inert fluid is removed from the test cell 300through the line 336. In some cases, the sample 329 is a solid sample.The solid sample 329 is first placed in the test cell 300 and the piston326 is brought in contact with solid sample 329. The other test fluidsare then loaded as explained with reference to testing a single fluidsample. After the test cell 300 is placed in one of the recesses 122 ofthe centrifuge apparatus 102, fluid is supplied to the piston fluidchamber 328 to move the piston head 334 to contact the first test sample325.

The pressure and temperature of the test cell 300 are raised to testconditions (step 404). The pressure can be raised by injecting an inertfluid (for example, nitrogen) into the sample chamber 324 through theinner channel 338 and the conduit 339, the test fluid line 344, or bothwhile increasing pressure in the piston fluid chamber 328.

A test fluid is then introduced into the test cell 300 (step 406). Thetest fluid can be introduced to the sample chamber 324 through the innerchannel 338 and the conduit 339, the test fluid line 344, or both.Examples of test fluids include formation brine, oil, gas; condensate;chemicals for enhance oil recovery; fluid mixed with propant used forfracturing or other fluids that are produced or injected into thereservoir. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from theacoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, and the x-ray camera132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluatesthe first sample 325, the second sample 327, and the third sample 329and the samples are replaced if necessary. For example, the acoustic,electrical, and X-ray sensors provide information about the fluid phasesin the test chamber to the neural network. If the received informationdoes not match with the predetermined range that the neural network hasbeen trained on, the sample can be replaced. For example, the density ofthe sample(s) could be calculated with information from the acousticsensor; the resistivity/conductivity can be monitored with informationfrom the electrical sensor; and phase separation or solid particlesindicating failure of test fluid sample can be detected based oninformation from the x-ray sensor.

If the samples are acceptable, the test fluid is equilibrated for adesired time or parameter (step 408). After equilibration, acoustic,electrical, and x-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors 342, theelectrical sensors 340, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neuralnetwork 115. The neural network 115 evaluates the first sample 325, thesecond sample 327, and the third sample 329 and the samples are replacedif necessary.

If the samples are still acceptable after equilibration, the system 100performs a single-speed test, a multi-speed test, or both (step 410).Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors342, the electrical sensors 340, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to theneural network 115. If additional testing is to be performed, at leasttest parameter is changed (step 412). Test parameters can be changed by,for example, changing test pressure, changing test temperature,withdrawing a fluid sample and perform compositional analysis, andmodifying/changing the test fluid. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neuralnetwork 115 evaluates the first sample 325, the second sample 327, andthe third sample 329 and the samples are replaced if necessary.

After testing is complete, the system 100 transitions into a mode inwhich the test sample can be removed and a new sample can be added. Thesystem temperature is lowered to ambient temperature while keeping thepressure constant (step 414). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The pressure isthen lowered to ambient (step 416). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115.

The method 700 is described as being implemented in conjunction with acomputer system 103 implementing a neural network 115. Although datacommunication and sample condition assessment is described as beingperformed after each step, this is optional. Some methods areimplemented with less frequent data communication and sample conditionassessment. In addition, the method 200 can also be performed inconjunction with a conventional control and data gathering computersystem that does not include a neural network. Without a neural network,the automated monitoring and assessment of sample condition must beperformed manually.

FIG. 8 shows a test cell 600 for testing cement setting, curing, andintegrity using the centrifuge apparatus 102. Test cell 600 isstructured similarly to test cell 300 but is used to test properties ofsamples that can change from fluid form to solid form during a testcycle.

The test cell 600 includes a housing 610 that includes a first end (base612) and a second end (end cap 614). A body 616 extends from the base612 to the end cap 614. In the housing 610, the base 612, the end cap614, and the body 616 are three different components that are boltedtogether.

The test cell 600 also includes a piston assembly 618 with a piston 620and a piston fluid chamber 622. The body 616, the base 612, and the endcap 614 define a piston chamber 624. A axial hydraulic fluid line 625extends through the end cap 614 and can be used supply hydraulic fluidto and remove hydraulic fluid from the piston fluid chamber.

A rubber jacket 626 extends parallel to body 616 within the pistonchamber 624. The piston 620 has a head 628 and a stem 629 and is movablewithin the piston chamber 624. The head 628 of the piston 620 is sizedto move within the rubber jacket 626. O-rings between the rubber jacket626 and the head 628 create a fluid seal to limit or prevent themovement of the test samples past the head 628. The head 628, rubberjacket 626, and the base 612 of the housing 610 define a sample chamber630 within the piston chamber 624.

The test cell 600 includes a first overburden fluid line 632 definedextending through the base 612 to the piston chamber 624 and a secondoverburden fluid line 634 defined extending through the end cap 614 tothe piston chamber 624. The stem 629 of the piston member 326 defines aninner channel 636 that extends to the sample chamber 630. The innerchannel 636 is attached to a conduit 638 that extends from the stem 629through the piston fluid chamber 622 and the end cap 614. The conduit638 is made of a flexible material to compensate for movement of thepiston 620 during testing. Test fluid can be supplied to the samplechamber 630 or fluid can be withdrawn from the sample chamber 630through the inner channel 636 and the conduit 638. A test fluid line 640extends through the base 612. Test fluid can be supplied to the samplechamber 630 or fluid can be withdrawn from the sample chamber 630through the test fluid line 640.

In use, the head 628 contacts a water layer 602 and applies pressure onthe water layer 602 (up to 50,000 psi). The water layer 602 and thecement slurry 604 undergo a phase change, from fluid to solid, while inthe sample chamber 630. A pore pressure, generated by flowing a testfluid into the sample chamber 630 can be applied to the samples before,during, or after the phase change. This approach can simulate fluid flowduring the various stage of cement tests with established permeabilityas, there are formation fluid that may invade cement during setting andcuring. This approach also simulates the effect of fluid flow on qualityof final set cement including the effect of reaction(s) between cementcomponents and the fluid to help evaluate and improve cements and designbetter ones. The piston 620 is capable of moving at least three timesthe length of the test sample.

The rubber jacket 626 extends only partially up the body 616, from thebase 612 towards the end cap 614. The rubber jacket 626 contacts thebase 612 of the housing, but does not reach the end cap 614 of thehousing 610. Rather the rubber jacket 626 is shorter than the body 616to provide an opening 641 that facilitates fluid connection between afirst space 642 in the piston chamber 624 and an outer channel 644defined between the rubber jacket 626 and the body 616. The first space642, like the sample chamber 630, is partially defined by the head 628and the rubber jacket 626. The first space 642, however, is defined bythe opposite side of the head 628 relative to the sample chamber 630.The piston chamber 624 therefore includes the sample chamber 630, thefirst space 642, and the outer channel 644. The head 628 and stem 524,extend into the piston chamber 624 to apply mechanical pressure and atest fluid (pore) pressure to the cement slurry and associated waterlayer.

The movement of the head 628 changes the volumes of the first space 642and sample chamber 630. For example, as the head 628 moves towards thewater 602, the volume of the first space 642 increases while the volumeof the sample chamber 630 decreases. The volume of the outer channel 644remains constant regardless of the position of the piston 620 because,unlike the first space 642 and the sample chamber 630, the outer channel644 is not defined by the piston 620. The outer channel 644 facilitatesthe flow of a confining fluid that fills the first space 642.

The test cell 300 can used to perform the experimental studiesincluding: cement thickening time test under true tri-axial conditionwith pore pressure with or without reservoir rock & casing; cementsetting and curing time and record of dynamic changes before, during andafter curing/setting; measurement of free water before and after cementis set to evaluate cement hydration & seal capacity; fluid injection toevaluate permeability of cement matrix; fluid flow to measure sealstrength and effectiveness between cerement and reservoir rock andcasing material; measurement of solid/liquid/gas additive dispersionduring setting and curing of cement; hydrostatic compressive strengthtest on set cement and leakage/seal capacity during various stage beforefailure and after failure; tri-axial compressive strength test on setcement and leakage/seal capacity during various stage before failure andafter failure; Poison ratio and Young modulus of cement both static anddynamic; effect of drilling fluid on bonding capacity of cement toreservoir rock and casing; effect of acidizing and fracturing fluid oncement; study of gas migration; and measurement of electrical propertyand sonic velocity for calibrating bond logs.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart for a method 700 for performing setting, curing,and integrity tests. The method 700 can be performed using test cell600, shown in FIG. 8, and the centrifuge apparatus 102, shown in FIG. 1.

The test cell 600 is assembled by bolting body 616 onto the base 612 andbolting the end cap 614 onto the body 616 with the rubber jacket 626 inposition. If a hollow reservoir rock is being included, the hollowreservoir rock is installed in the sample chamber 630 during theassembly process (step 702). Fluid is supplied to the piston fluidchamber 622 through the axial hydraulic fluid line 625 to extend thepiston 620 and place the head 628 of the piston 620 in contact with thebase 612 or the hollow reservoir rock if present. The piston chamber 624is filled with overburden fluid through the second overburden fluid line634 while air bleeds out through the first overburden fluid line 632.After these initial conditions are established, the pressure andtemperature in the test cell 600 are raised to test conditions (step704).

A cement slurry being tested is injected into the sample chamber 630through the test fluid line 640 (step 706). While the cement slurry isbeing injected, hydraulic fluid is being released from the piston fluidchamber 622 through the axial hydraulic fluid line 625 and overburdenfluid is being released from the piston chamber 624 through the firstoverburden fluid line 632. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gatheredfrom the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, and the x-raycamera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115evaluates the sample and the sample is replaced if necessary. Forexample, acoustic, x-ray, and electrical sensors data is fed to thetrained neural network to confirm cement components are not separatingand that particles, fluids and gas are uniformly distributed. Forexample, in case of cement with fiber, beads or gas (foam cement), it isimportant that dispersion is uniform during loading slurry, curing andsetting of cement.

The system 100 then injects water into the sample chamber 630 until adesired volume of free water 602 is present on top of the slurry 604(step 708). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from theacoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, and the x-ray camera132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluatesthe sample and the sample is replaced if necessary.

The cement slurry 604 sets and cures (step 710). During this process,the cement slurry imbibes water from the free water layer 602. Dependingon the test pressure and test temperature, the cement could set and curefor hours to weeks. All the pressures (that is axial pressure,confining/overburden pressure, and pore pressure are applied andmaintained during the loading of slurry, setting, curing and any testsduring/after, curing/setting. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115 during thesetting and curing process. After the setting and curing process iscomplete, Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray data gathered from theacoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, and the x-ray camera132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neural network 115 evaluatesthe sample and the sample is replaced if necessary.

The remaining free water 602 is removed from the set and cured cement604 and measured (step 712). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115 before testing isperformed.

If the samples are still acceptable, the system 100 performs one or moretests associated with cement testing (step 714). Appropriate testsinclude, for example, flow tests, capillary pressure tests, electricalproperty tests, acoustic velocity tests, cement bond tests, gas leakagetests, mechanical tests, and failure tests. Acoustic, electrical, andx-ray data gathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electricalsensors 340, and the x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115.If additional testing is to be performed, at least test parameter ischanged (step 716). Test parameters can be changed by, for example,changing test pressure, changing test temperature, andmodifying/changing the test fluid. Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The neuralnetwork 115 evaluates the cement slurry 604 and the sample is replacedif necessary.

After testing is complete, the system 100 transitions into a mode inwhich the test sample can be removed and a new sample can be added. Thesystem temperature is lowered to ambient temperature while keeping thepressure constant (step 718). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115. The pressure isthen lowered to ambient (step 720). Acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from the acoustic sensors 342, the electrical sensors 340, andthe x-ray camera 132 are fed to the neural network 115.

The method 700 is described as being implemented in conjunction with acomputer system 103 implementing a neural network 115. Although datacommunication and sample condition assessment is described as beingperformed after each step, this is optional. Some methods areimplemented with less frequent data communication and sample conditionassessment. In addition, the method 700 can also be performed inconjunction with a conventional control and data gathering computersystem that does not include a neural network. Without a neural network,the automated monitoring and assessment of sample condition must beperformed manually.

A number of embodiments of the systems and methods have been described.Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the followingclaims.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A method for testing a sample in a centrifugeapparatus, the method comprising: bringing a test cell to test pressureand test temperature with a piston head of the test cell in contact withan end piece of the test cell; introducing a fluid sample being testedbetween the piston head and the end piece of the test cell;equilibrating the fluid sample; performing at least one speed test onthe fluid sample; and feeding acoustic, electrical, and x-ray datagathered from sensors associated with the test cell or the centrifugeapparatus to a neural network.
 14. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising using the neural network to evaluate whether the sample isacceptable.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising discardingthe sample if it is unacceptable.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein aneural network is used to determine if the sample is unacceptable. 17.The method of claim 13, wherein bringing the test cell to test pressurecomprises injecting an inert fluid into the test cell.
 18. The method ofclaim 13, further comprising changing test parameters and performing atleast one speed test on the sample under the changed test parameters.19. The method of claim 18, wherein changing test parameters comprisesat least one of changing test pressure, changing test temperature,withdrawing a fluid sample and perform compositional analysis, andmodifying the test fluid.
 20. The method of claim 13, further comprisinglowering system temperature to ambient conditions while keeping systempressure constant.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprisinglowering system pressure to ambient conditions.
 22. The method of claim13, further comprising filling the test cell with an overburden fluidwith the piston head of the test cell in contact with the end piece ofthe test cell before bringing the test cell to test pressure and testtemperature.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein introducing the fluidsample being tested between the piston head and the end piece of thetest cell comprises introducing a cement sample between the piston headand the end piece of the test cell.
 24. The method of claim 23, furthercomprising injecting water to a space between the piston head and theend piece of the test cell.
 25. The method of claim 24, furthercomprising setting and curing the cement sample.
 26. The method of claim25, further comprising measuring and removing free water after thecement sample is set and cured.
 27. The method of claim 26, furthercomprising performing at least one test on the sample.
 28. The method ofclaim 26, further comprising changing test parameters and performing atleast one test on the sample under the changed test parameters.